2009年1月10日 星期六
5-5~5-6 參考影片
open sea 指的是遠離陸地的海域，也就是一望無際的海洋，翻成外海的意思。
這是德國計畫利用外海的海洋能源的影片。
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=sdY8ADBN6hM&translated=1
這是德國計畫利用外海的海洋能源的影片。
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=sdY8ADBN6hM&translated=1
5-3~5-4 參考影片
What is the "Benthos" and What Do Benthologists Do?
The benthos refers collectively to all aquatic organisms which live on, in, or near the bottom (substratum) of water bodies. This includes organisms inhabiting both running and standing waters, and also applies to organisms from both saltwater and freshwater habitats.
The term "phytobenthos" is used when referring to the primary producers (i.e., various algae and aquatic plants), whereas "zoobenthos" is applied in reference to all consumers (i.e., benthic animals, and protozoa). "Benthic microflora" (bacteria, fungi, and many protozoa) constitute the decomposer community, and are involved in the recycling of essential nutrients.
The benthos may be further subdivided on the basis of size. Large benthic animals (those readily visible without the use of a microscope) are collectively referred to as macrozoobenthos or macroinvertebrates. Representatives include clams, snails, worms, amphipods, crayfish, and the larvae of many aquatic insects (e.g., dragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, chironomid midges, and black flies.) Microscopes are essential to discern members of the microbenthos, e.g. nematodes, ostracods.
The benthic macroinvertebrates consume algae, coarse particulate matter (such as fallen leaves) with its associated fungi and bacteria, fine suspended organic matter, and prey organisms. Macroinvertebrates are part of the food supply for many fishes and other vertebrates of lakes and streams.
Thus, the benthos encompasses a huge array of life with many phyla involved. They inhabit such disparate habitats as the small aquaria formed in the bottom of pitcher plant leaves, to the bottom inhabitants of the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and the oceans.
Members of the North American Benthological Society are scientists mainly interested in freshwater biology. These habitats include rivers, streams, temporary streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and bogs. Benthologists study the life histories, population ecology, and systematics of the benthos. They elucidate the community ecology of the benthos and freshwater ecosystems and work for their conservation. In the area of applied research, benthologists develop pollution monitoring methods and impact assessment techniques. They study pest organisms, such as black flies, zebra mussels (a biofouling organism), and nuisance algae to develop strategies for reducing the health or economic impacts of the pests. Because many of the benthos are important as fish food, their study is important to fisheries management.
Most NABS members are associated with educational institutions as faculty, students or staff. Others are employed by government agencies where they use their benthic knowledge for impact assessment, pollution control, and resource conservation. Some benthologists are employed in industry, typically environmental consulting firms. They may be concerned with biofouling by benthic organisms, environmental monitoring for permitting/licensing of facilities, mitigation of impacts, and many varied tasks.
Many members conduct research pertaining to freshwater zoobenthos (especially aquatic insects and molluscs), but membership is open to all. Studies of phytobenthos are essential to understanding benthic communities, and the processes in marine benthic communities provide important parallels to those occurring in freshwater. All persons interested in benthic organisms are encouraged to join and to participate in the society's activities.
Benthos marine life : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=QqR5A4PGeUQ
The benthos refers collectively to all aquatic organisms which live on, in, or near the bottom (substratum) of water bodies. This includes organisms inhabiting both running and standing waters, and also applies to organisms from both saltwater and freshwater habitats.
The term "phytobenthos" is used when referring to the primary producers (i.e., various algae and aquatic plants), whereas "zoobenthos" is applied in reference to all consumers (i.e., benthic animals, and protozoa). "Benthic microflora" (bacteria, fungi, and many protozoa) constitute the decomposer community, and are involved in the recycling of essential nutrients.
The benthos may be further subdivided on the basis of size. Large benthic animals (those readily visible without the use of a microscope) are collectively referred to as macrozoobenthos or macroinvertebrates. Representatives include clams, snails, worms, amphipods, crayfish, and the larvae of many aquatic insects (e.g., dragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, chironomid midges, and black flies.) Microscopes are essential to discern members of the microbenthos, e.g. nematodes, ostracods.
The benthic macroinvertebrates consume algae, coarse particulate matter (such as fallen leaves) with its associated fungi and bacteria, fine suspended organic matter, and prey organisms. Macroinvertebrates are part of the food supply for many fishes and other vertebrates of lakes and streams.
Thus, the benthos encompasses a huge array of life with many phyla involved. They inhabit such disparate habitats as the small aquaria formed in the bottom of pitcher plant leaves, to the bottom inhabitants of the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and the oceans.
Members of the North American Benthological Society are scientists mainly interested in freshwater biology. These habitats include rivers, streams, temporary streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and bogs. Benthologists study the life histories, population ecology, and systematics of the benthos. They elucidate the community ecology of the benthos and freshwater ecosystems and work for their conservation. In the area of applied research, benthologists develop pollution monitoring methods and impact assessment techniques. They study pest organisms, such as black flies, zebra mussels (a biofouling organism), and nuisance algae to develop strategies for reducing the health or economic impacts of the pests. Because many of the benthos are important as fish food, their study is important to fisheries management.
Most NABS members are associated with educational institutions as faculty, students or staff. Others are employed by government agencies where they use their benthic knowledge for impact assessment, pollution control, and resource conservation. Some benthologists are employed in industry, typically environmental consulting firms. They may be concerned with biofouling by benthic organisms, environmental monitoring for permitting/licensing of facilities, mitigation of impacts, and many varied tasks.
Many members conduct research pertaining to freshwater zoobenthos (especially aquatic insects and molluscs), but membership is open to all. Studies of phytobenthos are essential to understanding benthic communities, and the processes in marine benthic communities provide important parallels to those occurring in freshwater. All persons interested in benthic organisms are encouraged to join and to participate in the society's activities.
Benthos marine life : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=QqR5A4PGeUQ
5-2 參考影片
造成沙漠化的原因可略分為二：一為氣候因素，一為人為因素。
1.氣候因素：因為地球大氣循環產生變化，氣流下降或降雨量及水源減少，導致乾燥地區移動，或造成持續乾燥的現象而引起沙漠化；此外全球性的氣候變化更加速了沙漠化的進行。
2.人為因素：因家畜放木超過草地再生能力(過度放牧)、休耕期過短引起地力耗損(過度耕作)，以及過量採伐薪材等造成沙漠化。它的人文背景主要起因於地區居民的貧困及人口增加等經濟、社會因素。
摩洛哥-沙漠化 : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=aYbIJR2Btas
中國敦煌-沙漠化 : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=jpXn6zNkjWk&feature=related
1.氣候因素：因為地球大氣循環產生變化，氣流下降或降雨量及水源減少，導致乾燥地區移動，或造成持續乾燥的現象而引起沙漠化；此外全球性的氣候變化更加速了沙漠化的進行。
2.人為因素：因家畜放木超過草地再生能力(過度放牧)、休耕期過短引起地力耗損(過度耕作)，以及過量採伐薪材等造成沙漠化。它的人文背景主要起因於地區居民的貧困及人口增加等經濟、社會因素。
摩洛哥-沙漠化 : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=aYbIJR2Btas
中國敦煌-沙漠化 : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=jpXn6zNkjWk&feature=related
2008年12月20日 星期六
課堂翻譯
page77.第二段~page.78第三段
原文：
A second factor is the rotation of the earth on its axis.
As the earth rotates around its axis, its equator spins faster
than its polar regions. As a result, heated air masses rising
above the equator and moving north and south too cooler
areas are deflected to the west or east over different parts
of the planet's surface.
The direction of air movement in the resulting huge
regions in the atmsphere called cells sets up belts of prevailing
winds-major or surface winds that blow almost continuously
and distribute air, heat, moisture, and dust over the earth's
surface.
A third factor affecting global air circulation is properties
of air, water, and land. Heat from the sun evaporates ocean
water and transfers heat from the oceans to the atmosphere,
especially near the hot equator. This evaporation of water
creates giant cyclical convection cells that circulate air, heat,
and moisture both vertically and from place in the atmosphere.
The earth's air circulation patterns, prevailing winds, and
mixture of continents and oceans result in six giant convection
cells-three north of the equator and three south of the
equator-in which warm, moist air rises and cools, and the cool,
dry air sinks. This leads to an irregular distribution of climates
and patterns of vegetation.
翻譯：
第二個要素是地球自轉。地球自轉的時候，赤道旋轉的速度比兩極地區快。因此，熱空氣在赤道地區上升然後往北跟南的冷卻區偏東或偏西移動。空氣移動的路線是根據大氣層裡的氣層區，氣層區能建立各個區域主要的風。主要的表面風不間斷的吹送分布在空氣、熱、水蒸氣和塵土之中，遍及地球表面。
第三個要素是空氣、水和土地的特性，他們影響全球空氣的循環。熱能讓海水蒸散並將熱從海水帶回大氣層，尤其是在赤道附近。這種蒸散作用製造大量的對流，也因此有空氣、熱以及水的循環。
地球空氣循環的型態，主要是風混合著大陸跟海洋。根據六個主要的空氣對流區，三個在赤道以北、三個在赤道以南，有溫暖潮濕的空氣上升也有乾燥寒冷的空氣下沉。造成了不規則的氣候分布以及植物的樣式。
原文：
A second factor is the rotation of the earth on its axis.
As the earth rotates around its axis, its equator spins faster
than its polar regions. As a result, heated air masses rising
above the equator and moving north and south too cooler
areas are deflected to the west or east over different parts
of the planet's surface.
The direction of air movement in the resulting huge
regions in the atmsphere called cells sets up belts of prevailing
winds-major or surface winds that blow almost continuously
and distribute air, heat, moisture, and dust over the earth's
surface.
A third factor affecting global air circulation is properties
of air, water, and land. Heat from the sun evaporates ocean
water and transfers heat from the oceans to the atmosphere,
especially near the hot equator. This evaporation of water
creates giant cyclical convection cells that circulate air, heat,
and moisture both vertically and from place in the atmosphere.
The earth's air circulation patterns, prevailing winds, and
mixture of continents and oceans result in six giant convection
cells-three north of the equator and three south of the
equator-in which warm, moist air rises and cools, and the cool,
dry air sinks. This leads to an irregular distribution of climates
and patterns of vegetation.
翻譯：
第二個要素是地球自轉。地球自轉的時候，赤道旋轉的速度比兩極地區快。因此，熱空氣在赤道地區上升然後往北跟南的冷卻區偏東或偏西移動。空氣移動的路線是根據大氣層裡的氣層區，氣層區能建立各個區域主要的風。主要的表面風不間斷的吹送分布在空氣、熱、水蒸氣和塵土之中，遍及地球表面。
第三個要素是空氣、水和土地的特性，他們影響全球空氣的循環。熱能讓海水蒸散並將熱從海水帶回大氣層，尤其是在赤道附近。這種蒸散作用製造大量的對流，也因此有空氣、熱以及水的循環。
地球空氣循環的型態，主要是風混合著大陸跟海洋。根據六個主要的空氣對流區，三個在赤道以北、三個在赤道以南，有溫暖潮濕的空氣上升也有乾燥寒冷的空氣下沉。造成了不規則的氣候分布以及植物的樣式。
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